Text Questions
(Page 579)
Critical Thinking Question:
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will then fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
Well in my opinion it shouldn’t because they are dealing with the same type of blood. If the baby had a different blood type than it can probably cause it to have it.
Review Exercises:
3) Describe a red blood cell.
They are tiny biconcave disk- thin around the center and thicker around the rims.
6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
First in the early stage it has a nuclei then later on it becomes less active. This causes the spleen and liver to remove them.
10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
They are cells that are not complete and come from the megakarocytes. The two functions are to help repair damage blood vessels by sticking them to broken surfaces and reducing the blood flow.
18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein.
Low- density lipoprotein- has a high concentration of cholesterol that carries lipoproteins to various cells like liver cells.
High- density lipoproteins- has a high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids. Lipoproteins delivers to the liver remnants of chylimicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27) List the major steps leading to the formation to a blood cloth.
First blood vessel spasm, platelets plug formation, and blood coagulation.
It releases biochemical from broken or damaged tissue to extrinsic clotting mechanism. So, I guess it stimulates the clotting mechanism.
38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
They are sometimes called a universal recipient because of the lack of anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.
39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Well they are sometimes called a universal donor because of the lack of antigens A and B so it allows this people to donate into other people with any type of blood.
Text Questions
(Page 647 and 648)
Review Exercises:
2) Describe the pericardium.
The pericardium encloses the heart and where it is attached at the closer end of the blood vessels.
4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
The heart has 4 deep chambers, two on the top and two in the bottom. The upper chambers are called Atria and lower chambers are called ventricles.
The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle that is located on the left.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.
6) Trace the path of the blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes to the left ventricle and out through the aorta artery. From the aorta artery it goes to the lungs. From the lungs blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium it goes to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery. And it goes on from the beginning all over again.
10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Heart sounds comes from the vibrations in the heart tissue when the blood moves through the circulatory system into the whole body.
19) Describe the function and structure of a capillary.
The Structure- they are considered to be the smallest blood vessels. Since they are small they connect to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules.
The function- They house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by products between the blood and the tissue.
36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
The venous system starts with the merging of capillaries into venues, venous into small vain and last small veins into larger ones.
The Arterial Pathways, however, the ones in the venous system are difficult to follow because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.
(Page 818)
Review Exercises:
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract receives blood
The lower respiratory tract sends blood
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles to carry in the air from entering the nose.
5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
The larynx is an inferior passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. So larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Well it starts with the right and left primary bronchi, when later it divides into secondary lobar bronchi. Then, it divides again into tertiary segmental bronchi. After they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch would be the Terminal bronchioles and then they are becoming the respiratory bronchioles. Then they are the Alveolar ducts. After that they are the Alveolar sacs. And last there are the alveoli.
16) Define surfactant, and explain its functions.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins that are secreted into alveolar air spaces.
Its function is to help you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22) Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing. Explain the function of each.
The comparison of coughing and sneezing is that they are similar because they both clear passageways of foreign objects but with different functions.
Cough- this forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts
Sneezing- this forces air upward from the upper respiratory tract
23) Explain the function of yawning.
Yawning- this helps to ventilate alveoli by allowing the blood to receive more oxygen.
31) Define hyperventilation. Explain how it effects the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation- this lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. It effects it because it makes it take longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, so then it would dissolve and mixes with hemoglobin.
36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen
The blood pH decreases
Increase in temperature
Increase in carbon dioxide acidity
Thursday, October 25, 2007
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
Basic Respiratory Anatomy Worksheet
1. What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system?
Nose and Mouth
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?
Pharynx and then goes through the trachea
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out?
The Esophagus
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?
Anterior
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System?
The nose and the mouth
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
In the alveoli it exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
8. What is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale?
· When we inhale the diaphragm contracts
· When it relaxes we exhale
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
On a seperate piece of paper!!! :)
Nose and Mouth
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?
Pharynx and then goes through the trachea
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out?
The Esophagus
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?
Anterior
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System?
The nose and the mouth
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
In the alveoli it exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
8. What is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale?
· When we inhale the diaphragm contracts
· When it relaxes we exhale
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
On a seperate piece of paper!!! :)
The Heart Worksheet
All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
Closed Circulatory system
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
It maintains homeostasis through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
Transport dissolved nutrients to all the body cells
It carries hormones which help regulate certain body functions
It transports gasses (oxygen to the cells, Carbon dioxide away from cells)
Transports antibodies that contribute to the body’s immunological responses and produces some of them
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
Arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
Veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
Pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
Myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called?
Endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
(Pericardial cavity- Serous,Fibrous )
Upper cavities- Atria
Lower cavity- Ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava for the right atrium
Pulmonary veins for the left atrium
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?
The left ventricle is the aorta
The right ventricle is the artery
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Article Assignment
Summary
As far as I understood in this article there are some contradictions. There is a stem cell researcher named Steve Stice who has discovered a new way to use cells for protection on our national security. The only problem is that the new invention needs dead human embryos that last up to four months for the machine to detect the presence of chemical agents. A stem cell researcher collects cell that don’t have a function and uses it for something useful like Steve did with his idea.
This creation effects some people ethically because even though the embryos are dead some people think it isn’t good to use them for creations like the ones they have started. Steve to prevent this issue was using nerve cells from mouse embryos but the problem was that it would only last the machine to be useful for two weeks. So that caused for the invention of using human embryos that last longer than mouse embryos.
In my opinion our president George Bush is right by saying that destroying human embryos to extract stem cells crosses a moral line. I am totally against that if the embryos were force to be killed, but as far as I know there are a lot of people that having abortions. Instead of throwing them to the trash scientist are trying to make a use of unwanted embryos, I suggest. If people wouldn’t make as much abortions than there wouldn’t be ideas to use something that is being done. So its not the scientist fault is just the people that have the heart to abort their babies they are the ones we should be against.
Well in conclusion, This is a device is only helping out soldiers and Americans. Scientist are just trying to make use of embryos that are naturally dead. It effects people who are sensitive and that know that poor embryos that deserve to be buried are just used like some kind of chemical. Yeah I understand its wrong but in my opinion dose embryos are saving other lives on war so they are being useful for a good cause. Those embryos are heroes by protecting live people. So after all they came to heart for a reason I guess. That’s my opinion on these devices.
As far as I understood in this article there are some contradictions. There is a stem cell researcher named Steve Stice who has discovered a new way to use cells for protection on our national security. The only problem is that the new invention needs dead human embryos that last up to four months for the machine to detect the presence of chemical agents. A stem cell researcher collects cell that don’t have a function and uses it for something useful like Steve did with his idea.
This creation effects some people ethically because even though the embryos are dead some people think it isn’t good to use them for creations like the ones they have started. Steve to prevent this issue was using nerve cells from mouse embryos but the problem was that it would only last the machine to be useful for two weeks. So that caused for the invention of using human embryos that last longer than mouse embryos.
In my opinion our president George Bush is right by saying that destroying human embryos to extract stem cells crosses a moral line. I am totally against that if the embryos were force to be killed, but as far as I know there are a lot of people that having abortions. Instead of throwing them to the trash scientist are trying to make a use of unwanted embryos, I suggest. If people wouldn’t make as much abortions than there wouldn’t be ideas to use something that is being done. So its not the scientist fault is just the people that have the heart to abort their babies they are the ones we should be against.
Well in conclusion, This is a device is only helping out soldiers and Americans. Scientist are just trying to make use of embryos that are naturally dead. It effects people who are sensitive and that know that poor embryos that deserve to be buried are just used like some kind of chemical. Yeah I understand its wrong but in my opinion dose embryos are saving other lives on war so they are being useful for a good cause. Those embryos are heroes by protecting live people. So after all they came to heart for a reason I guess. That’s my opinion on these devices.
Tuesday, October 2, 2007
Eye Anatomy Worksheet
The eye is part of which nervous system?
Central Nervous System
What types of tissues give the eye protection?
The fatty and Connective tissue
What structure in the eye produces tears?
*Lacrimal Glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?
Con juctiva
What is the cornea?
The outer protective layer of the eye, The anterior (front) portion of the sclera
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?
Retina layer
What is the function of the rods? The cones?
Cones- are for daylight vision and color vision
Rods- are for night vision
What is the colored part of the eye?
Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye?
Pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled:
O n a seperate piece of paper!!!
lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Central Nervous System
What types of tissues give the eye protection?
The fatty and Connective tissue
What structure in the eye produces tears?
*Lacrimal Glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?
Con juctiva
What is the cornea?
The outer protective layer of the eye, The anterior (front) portion of the sclera
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?
Retina layer
What is the function of the rods? The cones?
Cones- are for daylight vision and color vision
Rods- are for night vision
What is the colored part of the eye?
Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye?
Pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled:
O n a seperate piece of paper!!!
lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Ear Anatomy Worksheet
Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:
* On a separate piece of paper!!!! :)
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna- Is a flap of cartilage which has the sole purpose of directing sound waves into the auditory canal.
tympanic membrane- Sound waves turn into sound vibrations.
Ossicles- (3 small bones) vibrates and then the ossicles magnify the sound vibrations.
Cochlea- the tiny hairs move as the fluid in the cochlea moves the hairs in turn stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.
semicircular canals- these canals deals with balance, the equilibrium of the body. They are filled with liquid and also have tiny hairs.
What three bones make up the ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the function of hairs in the ear?
* So the tiny hairs send nerve impulses to the brain by way of a nerve known as the vestibular nerve.
* On a separate piece of paper!!!! :)
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna- Is a flap of cartilage which has the sole purpose of directing sound waves into the auditory canal.
tympanic membrane- Sound waves turn into sound vibrations.
Ossicles- (3 small bones) vibrates and then the ossicles magnify the sound vibrations.
Cochlea- the tiny hairs move as the fluid in the cochlea moves the hairs in turn stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.
semicircular canals- these canals deals with balance, the equilibrium of the body. They are filled with liquid and also have tiny hairs.
What three bones make up the ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the function of hairs in the ear?
* So the tiny hairs send nerve impulses to the brain by way of a nerve known as the vestibular nerve.
Monday, October 1, 2007
The Nervous System Worksheet
What does CNS and PNS stand for?
Central Nervous System- is the nerve center of the human body, controls all body activities except chemical functions
Peripheral Nervous System- lies outside the brain and spinal cord and serves as a message system between various organs and muscles of the body and the CNS. Connects the CNS with the rest of the body
What are the parts of the CNS?
* Consist of the brain and spinal cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior.
Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
* Maintain digestion and controls the urge to urinate.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Sympathetic- controls stress, worry, fear and emergency
Parasympathetic- brings the body back to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
What are the three main types of neurons? Whh
at is the function of each?
Sensory neuron- It deals with the senses it takes the impulse towardsthe CNS to the spinal cord
Motor neuron- Carries the impulse from the CNS for an action
Interneuron- moves the impulse within the CNS.
What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
Axon- Is the sending end of a neuron
Dendrite- Is the receiving end of a neuron
What is a synapse?
Synapse- transfers the impulse from one neuron to another.
Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
*on a separate piece of paper!!!!
Central Nervous System- is the nerve center of the human body, controls all body activities except chemical functions
Peripheral Nervous System- lies outside the brain and spinal cord and serves as a message system between various organs and muscles of the body and the CNS. Connects the CNS with the rest of the body
What are the parts of the CNS?
* Consist of the brain and spinal cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior.
Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
* Maintain digestion and controls the urge to urinate.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Sympathetic- controls stress, worry, fear and emergency
Parasympathetic- brings the body back to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
What are the three main types of neurons? Whh
at is the function of each?
Sensory neuron- It deals with the senses it takes the impulse towardsthe CNS to the spinal cord
Motor neuron- Carries the impulse from the CNS for an action
Interneuron- moves the impulse within the CNS.
What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
Axon- Is the sending end of a neuron
Dendrite- Is the receiving end of a neuron
What is a synapse?
Synapse- transfers the impulse from one neuron to another.
Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
*on a separate piece of paper!!!!
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