Questions on Text

Text Questions
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Critical Thinking Question:

6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will then fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
Well in my opinion it shouldn’t because they are dealing with the same type of blood. If the baby had a different blood type than it can probably cause it to have it.
Review Exercises:

3) Describe a red blood cell.
They are tiny biconcave disk- thin around the center and thicker around the rims.

6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
First in the early stage it has a nuclei then later on it becomes less active. This causes the spleen and liver to remove them.

10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
They are cells that are not complete and come from the megakarocytes. The two functions are to help repair damage blood vessels by sticking them to broken surfaces and reducing the blood flow.

18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein.
Low- density lipoprotein- has a high concentration of cholesterol that carries lipoproteins to various cells like liver cells.
High- density lipoproteins- has a high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids. Lipoproteins delivers to the liver remnants of chylimicrons that have given up their triglycerides.

27) List the major steps leading to the formation to a blood cloth.
First blood vessel spasm, platelets plug formation, and blood coagulation.
It releases biochemical from broken or damaged tissue to extrinsic clotting mechanism. So, I guess it stimulates the clotting mechanism.

38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
They are sometimes called a universal recipient because of the lack of anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.

39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Well they are sometimes called a universal donor because of the lack of antigens A and B so it allows this people to donate into other people with any type of blood.

Text Questions
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Review Exercises:

2) Describe the pericardium.
The pericardium encloses the heart and where it is attached at the closer end of the blood vessels.

4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
The heart has 4 deep chambers, two on the top and two in the bottom. The upper chambers are called Atria and lower chambers are called ventricles.
The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle that is located on the left.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.

6) Trace the path of the blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes to the left ventricle and out through the aorta artery. From the aorta artery it goes to the lungs. From the lungs blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium it goes to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery. And it goes on from the beginning all over again.

10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Heart sounds comes from the vibrations in the heart tissue when the blood moves through the circulatory system into the whole body.

19) Describe the function and structure of a capillary.
The Structure- they are considered to be the smallest blood vessels. Since they are small they connect to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules.
The function- They house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by products between the blood and the tissue.

36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
The venous system starts with the merging of capillaries into venues, venous into small vain and last small veins into larger ones.
The Arterial Pathways, however, the ones in the venous system are difficult to follow because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.

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Review Exercises:

Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract receives blood
The lower respiratory tract sends blood
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles to carry in the air from entering the nose.

5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
The larynx is an inferior passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. So larynx is inferior to the pharynx.

9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Well it starts with the right and left primary bronchi, when later it divides into secondary lobar bronchi. Then, it divides again into tertiary segmental bronchi. After they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch would be the Terminal bronchioles and then they are becoming the respiratory bronchioles. Then they are the Alveolar ducts. After that they are the Alveolar sacs. And last there are the alveoli.

16) Define surfactant, and explain its functions.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins that are secreted into alveolar air spaces.
Its function is to help you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.

22) Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing. Explain the function of each.
The comparison of coughing and sneezing is that they are similar because they both clear passageways of foreign objects but with different functions.
Cough- this forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts
Sneezing- this forces air upward from the upper respiratory tract

23) Explain the function of yawning.
Yawning- this helps to ventilate alveoli by allowing the blood to receive more oxygen.

31) Define hyperventilation. Explain how it effects the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation- this lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. It effects it because it makes it take longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.

35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, so then it would dissolve and mixes with hemoglobin.

36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen
The blood pH decreases
Increase in temperature
Increase in carbon dioxide acidity