Reproductive System Vocabulary
1.Corpus luteum- A small yellow structure developing within the ruptured ovarian follicle after the egg has been released.
2.Epididymis- is a coiled tube attached to the back of each testis where sperm matures.
3.Gonad- Is an organ that produces gametes like ova and sperm.
4.Meiosis- cell division by which eggs and sperm are produced.
5.Oocyte- Unfertilized egg cell.
6.Ovary- Is a female gonad which manufactures estrogens and eggs.
7.Placenta- A structure attached to the wall of the uterus to nourish the fetus during a pregnancy.
8.Scrotum- The sac of skin that surrounds the testicles.
9.Seminiferous tubule- is any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature.
10.Testis- a male’s testes are located in a pouch that hangs suspended outside the lower body. The testes produce testosterone and sperm.
11.Vulva- The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening of the female’s vagina.
12.Blastocyst- The preimplantation embryo of mammals consisting of a sphere of cells with an outer cell layer that forms the placenta and a cluster of cells on the interior called the inner cell mass that forms the embryo.
13.Embryo- In humans, the developing of individual form from time of implantation to approximately the end of the second month after conception.
14.Fetus- In humans, the fetal stage is the form of a fetus of about the end of the third month until birth. The large stage before birth in other words.
15.Implantation- The embedding of the fertilized egg in the endometrium of the uterus.
16.Lactation- The secretion or formation of milk by the mammary glands.
17.Umbilical cord- Is the cord that connects the fetus to the maternal placenta, providing nutrients and removing wastes.
18.Yolk sac- Is the place where the embryo develops.
19.Zygote- A cell formed by the union of two gametes.
20.Ultrasound- Is a procedure in which high-energy sound waves are bounced off internal tissues or organs and it makes echoes.
Wednesday, March 5, 2008
Tuesday, November 27, 2007
* The Urinary Worksheet *
1.What are three functions of the kidneys? * Filters all matter not just waste products * Selectively reabsorbs all the substances that the body can make of use * Eliminates waste products from the blood in the form of urine
2.What is the protective layer around the kidney? * The peri-renal capsule
3.What is the outer layer of the kidney? * The cortex
4.What is the urine collection system of the kidney? * The medulla
5.What is the dilated end of the ureters called? * The pelvis
6.What is the function of the bladder? * To store urine
7.What transports urine in males? Females? * Male/Urethra- transports urine to the outside of the body. It also carries semen. * Female/Urethra- Only transports urine to the outside of the body.
2.What is the protective layer around the kidney? * The peri-renal capsule
3.What is the outer layer of the kidney? * The cortex
4.What is the urine collection system of the kidney? * The medulla
5.What is the dilated end of the ureters called? * The pelvis
6.What is the function of the bladder? * To store urine
7.What transports urine in males? Females? * Male/Urethra- transports urine to the outside of the body. It also carries semen. * Female/Urethra- Only transports urine to the outside of the body.
The Digestive Worksheet
1.What is the digestive tract? * A long continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? *It continues down along the tube until it comes out through the anus along with dead cells.
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. ** On a separate piece of paper ***
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? * The mouth is used to break down the food with the teeth, tongue, and the muscle movements.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? * Bolus
6.What triggers
peristalsis? * The presence of bolus in the esophagus
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? *Closes the entrance of the stomach.
8.What is the mucous membrane? * The coating over the stomach wall which prevents digestion of itself.
9.How long is the small intestine? * Over 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? * Small Intestines
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? *The Villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? *The Duodenum- the receptors detect the presence of hypo and their hypo tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chime.
13.Where is bile stored? * In the Gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? * A type of muscle contraction
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? *It opens when the build up of food in the small intestines reaches a certain point.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? * Stops waste from leaving the body until it is desired.
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans? * No function in humans, it may be removed when infected or desired.
18.Where does digestion begin? * Mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? * Hydrochloric acids and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? * Pancreas and intestinal glands
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? * Amylase- Completes the process of hydrolyzing starch * Lactase- Breaks down lactose * Maltase- Breaks down maltose * Sucrase- Breaks down surcrose * Lipase- Breaks down the lipase
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. * There are the methods in which the substances diffuse across the intestinal membrane. Also by blood flowing along the concentration gradient. * Other methods are by substances being forced through the membrane against a gradient. Greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? *It continues down along the tube until it comes out through the anus along with dead cells.
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. ** On a separate piece of paper ***
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? * The mouth is used to break down the food with the teeth, tongue, and the muscle movements.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? * Bolus
6.What triggers
peristalsis? * The presence of bolus in the esophagus
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? *Closes the entrance of the stomach.
8.What is the mucous membrane? * The coating over the stomach wall which prevents digestion of itself.
9.How long is the small intestine? * Over 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? * Small Intestines
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? *The Villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? *The Duodenum- the receptors detect the presence of hypo and their hypo tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chime.
13.Where is bile stored? * In the Gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? * A type of muscle contraction
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? *It opens when the build up of food in the small intestines reaches a certain point.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? * Stops waste from leaving the body until it is desired.
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans? * No function in humans, it may be removed when infected or desired.
18.Where does digestion begin? * Mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? * Hydrochloric acids and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? * Pancreas and intestinal glands
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? * Amylase- Completes the process of hydrolyzing starch * Lactase- Breaks down lactose * Maltase- Breaks down maltose * Sucrase- Breaks down surcrose * Lipase- Breaks down the lipase
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. * There are the methods in which the substances diffuse across the intestinal membrane. Also by blood flowing along the concentration gradient. * Other methods are by substances being forced through the membrane against a gradient. Greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
Part 2 (Immune System)
1. How does the flu build a resistance to drug treatment?
*Well as far as I understood strong versions of the flu are the resistant part. The strong versions then multiply and change which become more resistant to everything specially medications. So the virus evolves into other without ever killing it all and until it all resist to medication.
2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving? *Well the conflict meaning that the resistance is caused by the mutation of the disease. Evolving means changing and that is what the virus does. So the anti-flu drug is difficult to destroy the flu virus because the virus always changes. The good part is that all the kinds of flu’s have almost the same symptom, but not every time the medication works.
3. This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs “get rid” of the flu virus?
• The Tamiflu prevents viral reproduction of flu. Well this stops the enzymes stopping the flu to reproduce in the blood stream.
• The Relanza also gets Neuraminidase, meaning it prevents the flu virus from spreading. It also removes the sialic acid receptors and newly formed viral parts.
4. Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not?
* Well antibiotics fight against bacterial infections and the flu is a viral infection. By taking antibiotics in your body you’re not going to cure the flu but only make your body resistant to antibiotics. The consequences are very harmful when drinking antibiotics you don’t take medicine without a prescription because you may regret it when antibiotics instead of helping end up hurting you.
*Well as far as I understood strong versions of the flu are the resistant part. The strong versions then multiply and change which become more resistant to everything specially medications. So the virus evolves into other without ever killing it all and until it all resist to medication.
2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving? *Well the conflict meaning that the resistance is caused by the mutation of the disease. Evolving means changing and that is what the virus does. So the anti-flu drug is difficult to destroy the flu virus because the virus always changes. The good part is that all the kinds of flu’s have almost the same symptom, but not every time the medication works.
3. This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs “get rid” of the flu virus?
• The Tamiflu prevents viral reproduction of flu. Well this stops the enzymes stopping the flu to reproduce in the blood stream.
• The Relanza also gets Neuraminidase, meaning it prevents the flu virus from spreading. It also removes the sialic acid receptors and newly formed viral parts.
4. Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not?
* Well antibiotics fight against bacterial infections and the flu is a viral infection. By taking antibiotics in your body you’re not going to cure the flu but only make your body resistant to antibiotics. The consequences are very harmful when drinking antibiotics you don’t take medicine without a prescription because you may regret it when antibiotics instead of helping end up hurting you.
Article #1
Summary
This article is basically telling me that there is many types of viruses or desease that may appear to be the same but are different. In other words everytime there is a cold wether or a change of weather people get a new flu shot. We all get a new flu shot because every year its a different type a flu with the same symptoms but different bacteria. Some desease like chickenpops could be prevented because there is only one type of desease. So this article opens our eyes to the reality letting us learn that we are wrong in thinking we get the same sore throught or flu all the time. There are millions of viruses that we can't even imagine how many we ahve had.
Reflection
By reading this article I have learn something surprizing. I always thought we would have the same sickness all the time but apperently I was wrong. I am thankful for reading this article because it has made my knowledge grown. It is important to know all this facts because we may be drinking antibiotics and harming our bodies without knowing. Our Immune system is very important so its helpful to know all this facts in order to prevent future negligence.
This article is basically telling me that there is many types of viruses or desease that may appear to be the same but are different. In other words everytime there is a cold wether or a change of weather people get a new flu shot. We all get a new flu shot because every year its a different type a flu with the same symptoms but different bacteria. Some desease like chickenpops could be prevented because there is only one type of desease. So this article opens our eyes to the reality letting us learn that we are wrong in thinking we get the same sore throught or flu all the time. There are millions of viruses that we can't even imagine how many we ahve had.
Reflection
By reading this article I have learn something surprizing. I always thought we would have the same sickness all the time but apperently I was wrong. I am thankful for reading this article because it has made my knowledge grown. It is important to know all this facts because we may be drinking antibiotics and harming our bodies without knowing. Our Immune system is very important so its helpful to know all this facts in order to prevent future negligence.
Wednesday, November 7, 2007
Part 3 My response and summary
Summary response
The article I read in anatomy class seemed very interesting because it was about good bacteria I had never heard of. Probiotics are very beneficial as far as scientist and doctors say. In this article it explains how probiotics help your digestive system and your immune system by eating products like yogurt. This is very interesting because it does really help our body and prevent us from other side effect we often get like diarrhea. So basically this article identifies what probiotics do to the common human body. For example it says that probiotics ease the symptoms of Inflamatory Bowel decease and lactose intolerance. Scientist also have evidence of probiotics that may help combat allergies and enhance the immune system.
In my opinion this article can help many people who have the misconception regarding bacteria. Sanitizer liquid is often use for our outer body but imagine drinking sanitizer inside our body and killing the good bacteria we need. Yeah it definitely cleared my mind in understanding how bacteria are very needful even though the word bacteria may sound disgusting. Yes, now I will eat more yogurts than before because we all need the good bacteria but drinking pills is not my thing. I am so glad probiotics come in food it makes it easier for all the community to have the good bacteria in them.
The article I read in anatomy class seemed very interesting because it was about good bacteria I had never heard of. Probiotics are very beneficial as far as scientist and doctors say. In this article it explains how probiotics help your digestive system and your immune system by eating products like yogurt. This is very interesting because it does really help our body and prevent us from other side effect we often get like diarrhea. So basically this article identifies what probiotics do to the common human body. For example it says that probiotics ease the symptoms of Inflamatory Bowel decease and lactose intolerance. Scientist also have evidence of probiotics that may help combat allergies and enhance the immune system.
In my opinion this article can help many people who have the misconception regarding bacteria. Sanitizer liquid is often use for our outer body but imagine drinking sanitizer inside our body and killing the good bacteria we need. Yeah it definitely cleared my mind in understanding how bacteria are very needful even though the word bacteria may sound disgusting. Yes, now I will eat more yogurts than before because we all need the good bacteria but drinking pills is not my thing. I am so glad probiotics come in food it makes it easier for all the community to have the good bacteria in them.
Thursday, October 25, 2007
Questions on Text
Text Questions
(Page 579)
Critical Thinking Question:
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will then fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
Well in my opinion it shouldn’t because they are dealing with the same type of blood. If the baby had a different blood type than it can probably cause it to have it.
Review Exercises:
3) Describe a red blood cell.
They are tiny biconcave disk- thin around the center and thicker around the rims.
6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
First in the early stage it has a nuclei then later on it becomes less active. This causes the spleen and liver to remove them.
10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
They are cells that are not complete and come from the megakarocytes. The two functions are to help repair damage blood vessels by sticking them to broken surfaces and reducing the blood flow.
18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein.
Low- density lipoprotein- has a high concentration of cholesterol that carries lipoproteins to various cells like liver cells.
High- density lipoproteins- has a high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids. Lipoproteins delivers to the liver remnants of chylimicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27) List the major steps leading to the formation to a blood cloth.
First blood vessel spasm, platelets plug formation, and blood coagulation.
It releases biochemical from broken or damaged tissue to extrinsic clotting mechanism. So, I guess it stimulates the clotting mechanism.
38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
They are sometimes called a universal recipient because of the lack of anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.
39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Well they are sometimes called a universal donor because of the lack of antigens A and B so it allows this people to donate into other people with any type of blood.
Text Questions
(Page 647 and 648)
Review Exercises:
2) Describe the pericardium.
The pericardium encloses the heart and where it is attached at the closer end of the blood vessels.
4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
The heart has 4 deep chambers, two on the top and two in the bottom. The upper chambers are called Atria and lower chambers are called ventricles.
The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle that is located on the left.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.
6) Trace the path of the blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes to the left ventricle and out through the aorta artery. From the aorta artery it goes to the lungs. From the lungs blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium it goes to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery. And it goes on from the beginning all over again.
10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Heart sounds comes from the vibrations in the heart tissue when the blood moves through the circulatory system into the whole body.
19) Describe the function and structure of a capillary.
The Structure- they are considered to be the smallest blood vessels. Since they are small they connect to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules.
The function- They house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by products between the blood and the tissue.
36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
The venous system starts with the merging of capillaries into venues, venous into small vain and last small veins into larger ones.
The Arterial Pathways, however, the ones in the venous system are difficult to follow because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.
(Page 818)
Review Exercises:
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract receives blood
The lower respiratory tract sends blood
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles to carry in the air from entering the nose.
5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
The larynx is an inferior passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. So larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Well it starts with the right and left primary bronchi, when later it divides into secondary lobar bronchi. Then, it divides again into tertiary segmental bronchi. After they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch would be the Terminal bronchioles and then they are becoming the respiratory bronchioles. Then they are the Alveolar ducts. After that they are the Alveolar sacs. And last there are the alveoli.
16) Define surfactant, and explain its functions.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins that are secreted into alveolar air spaces.
Its function is to help you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22) Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing. Explain the function of each.
The comparison of coughing and sneezing is that they are similar because they both clear passageways of foreign objects but with different functions.
Cough- this forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts
Sneezing- this forces air upward from the upper respiratory tract
23) Explain the function of yawning.
Yawning- this helps to ventilate alveoli by allowing the blood to receive more oxygen.
31) Define hyperventilation. Explain how it effects the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation- this lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. It effects it because it makes it take longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, so then it would dissolve and mixes with hemoglobin.
36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen
The blood pH decreases
Increase in temperature
Increase in carbon dioxide acidity
(Page 579)
Critical Thinking Question:
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will then fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
Well in my opinion it shouldn’t because they are dealing with the same type of blood. If the baby had a different blood type than it can probably cause it to have it.
Review Exercises:
3) Describe a red blood cell.
They are tiny biconcave disk- thin around the center and thicker around the rims.
6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
First in the early stage it has a nuclei then later on it becomes less active. This causes the spleen and liver to remove them.
10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
They are cells that are not complete and come from the megakarocytes. The two functions are to help repair damage blood vessels by sticking them to broken surfaces and reducing the blood flow.
18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein.
Low- density lipoprotein- has a high concentration of cholesterol that carries lipoproteins to various cells like liver cells.
High- density lipoproteins- has a high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids. Lipoproteins delivers to the liver remnants of chylimicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27) List the major steps leading to the formation to a blood cloth.
First blood vessel spasm, platelets plug formation, and blood coagulation.
It releases biochemical from broken or damaged tissue to extrinsic clotting mechanism. So, I guess it stimulates the clotting mechanism.
38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
They are sometimes called a universal recipient because of the lack of anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.
39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Well they are sometimes called a universal donor because of the lack of antigens A and B so it allows this people to donate into other people with any type of blood.
Text Questions
(Page 647 and 648)
Review Exercises:
2) Describe the pericardium.
The pericardium encloses the heart and where it is attached at the closer end of the blood vessels.
4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
The heart has 4 deep chambers, two on the top and two in the bottom. The upper chambers are called Atria and lower chambers are called ventricles.
The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle that is located on the left.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.
6) Trace the path of the blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes to the left ventricle and out through the aorta artery. From the aorta artery it goes to the lungs. From the lungs blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium it goes to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery. And it goes on from the beginning all over again.
10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Heart sounds comes from the vibrations in the heart tissue when the blood moves through the circulatory system into the whole body.
19) Describe the function and structure of a capillary.
The Structure- they are considered to be the smallest blood vessels. Since they are small they connect to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules.
The function- They house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by products between the blood and the tissue.
36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
The venous system starts with the merging of capillaries into venues, venous into small vain and last small veins into larger ones.
The Arterial Pathways, however, the ones in the venous system are difficult to follow because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.
(Page 818)
Review Exercises:
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract receives blood
The lower respiratory tract sends blood
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles to carry in the air from entering the nose.
5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
The larynx is an inferior passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. So larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Well it starts with the right and left primary bronchi, when later it divides into secondary lobar bronchi. Then, it divides again into tertiary segmental bronchi. After they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch would be the Terminal bronchioles and then they are becoming the respiratory bronchioles. Then they are the Alveolar ducts. After that they are the Alveolar sacs. And last there are the alveoli.
16) Define surfactant, and explain its functions.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins that are secreted into alveolar air spaces.
Its function is to help you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22) Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing. Explain the function of each.
The comparison of coughing and sneezing is that they are similar because they both clear passageways of foreign objects but with different functions.
Cough- this forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts
Sneezing- this forces air upward from the upper respiratory tract
23) Explain the function of yawning.
Yawning- this helps to ventilate alveoli by allowing the blood to receive more oxygen.
31) Define hyperventilation. Explain how it effects the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation- this lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. It effects it because it makes it take longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, so then it would dissolve and mixes with hemoglobin.
36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen
The blood pH decreases
Increase in temperature
Increase in carbon dioxide acidity
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