Reproductive System Vocabulary
1.Corpus luteum- A small yellow structure developing within the ruptured ovarian follicle after the egg has been released.
2.Epididymis- is a coiled tube attached to the back of each testis where sperm matures.
3.Gonad- Is an organ that produces gametes like ova and sperm.
4.Meiosis- cell division by which eggs and sperm are produced.
5.Oocyte- Unfertilized egg cell.
6.Ovary- Is a female gonad which manufactures estrogens and eggs.
7.Placenta- A structure attached to the wall of the uterus to nourish the fetus during a pregnancy.
8.Scrotum- The sac of skin that surrounds the testicles.
9.Seminiferous tubule- is any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature.
10.Testis- a male’s testes are located in a pouch that hangs suspended outside the lower body. The testes produce testosterone and sperm.
11.Vulva- The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening of the female’s vagina.
12.Blastocyst- The preimplantation embryo of mammals consisting of a sphere of cells with an outer cell layer that forms the placenta and a cluster of cells on the interior called the inner cell mass that forms the embryo.
13.Embryo- In humans, the developing of individual form from time of implantation to approximately the end of the second month after conception.
14.Fetus- In humans, the fetal stage is the form of a fetus of about the end of the third month until birth. The large stage before birth in other words.
15.Implantation- The embedding of the fertilized egg in the endometrium of the uterus.
16.Lactation- The secretion or formation of milk by the mammary glands.
17.Umbilical cord- Is the cord that connects the fetus to the maternal placenta, providing nutrients and removing wastes.
18.Yolk sac- Is the place where the embryo develops.
19.Zygote- A cell formed by the union of two gametes.
20.Ultrasound- Is a procedure in which high-energy sound waves are bounced off internal tissues or organs and it makes echoes.
Wednesday, March 5, 2008
Tuesday, November 27, 2007
* The Urinary Worksheet *
1.What are three functions of the kidneys? * Filters all matter not just waste products * Selectively reabsorbs all the substances that the body can make of use * Eliminates waste products from the blood in the form of urine
2.What is the protective layer around the kidney? * The peri-renal capsule
3.What is the outer layer of the kidney? * The cortex
4.What is the urine collection system of the kidney? * The medulla
5.What is the dilated end of the ureters called? * The pelvis
6.What is the function of the bladder? * To store urine
7.What transports urine in males? Females? * Male/Urethra- transports urine to the outside of the body. It also carries semen. * Female/Urethra- Only transports urine to the outside of the body.
2.What is the protective layer around the kidney? * The peri-renal capsule
3.What is the outer layer of the kidney? * The cortex
4.What is the urine collection system of the kidney? * The medulla
5.What is the dilated end of the ureters called? * The pelvis
6.What is the function of the bladder? * To store urine
7.What transports urine in males? Females? * Male/Urethra- transports urine to the outside of the body. It also carries semen. * Female/Urethra- Only transports urine to the outside of the body.
The Digestive Worksheet
1.What is the digestive tract? * A long continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? *It continues down along the tube until it comes out through the anus along with dead cells.
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. ** On a separate piece of paper ***
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? * The mouth is used to break down the food with the teeth, tongue, and the muscle movements.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? * Bolus
6.What triggers
peristalsis? * The presence of bolus in the esophagus
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? *Closes the entrance of the stomach.
8.What is the mucous membrane? * The coating over the stomach wall which prevents digestion of itself.
9.How long is the small intestine? * Over 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? * Small Intestines
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? *The Villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? *The Duodenum- the receptors detect the presence of hypo and their hypo tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chime.
13.Where is bile stored? * In the Gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? * A type of muscle contraction
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? *It opens when the build up of food in the small intestines reaches a certain point.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? * Stops waste from leaving the body until it is desired.
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans? * No function in humans, it may be removed when infected or desired.
18.Where does digestion begin? * Mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? * Hydrochloric acids and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? * Pancreas and intestinal glands
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? * Amylase- Completes the process of hydrolyzing starch * Lactase- Breaks down lactose * Maltase- Breaks down maltose * Sucrase- Breaks down surcrose * Lipase- Breaks down the lipase
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. * There are the methods in which the substances diffuse across the intestinal membrane. Also by blood flowing along the concentration gradient. * Other methods are by substances being forced through the membrane against a gradient. Greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
2.What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? *It continues down along the tube until it comes out through the anus along with dead cells.
3.Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. ** On a separate piece of paper ***
4.What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? * The mouth is used to break down the food with the teeth, tongue, and the muscle movements.
5.What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? * Bolus
6.What triggers
peristalsis? * The presence of bolus in the esophagus
7.What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? *Closes the entrance of the stomach.
8.What is the mucous membrane? * The coating over the stomach wall which prevents digestion of itself.
9.How long is the small intestine? * Over 20 feet long
10.Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? * Small Intestines
11.What increase the surface area of the small intestine? *The Villi
12.What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? *The Duodenum- the receptors detect the presence of hypo and their hypo tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chime.
13.Where is bile stored? * In the Gallbladder
14.What is segmentation? * A type of muscle contraction
15.When does the ileocecal sphincter open? *It opens when the build up of food in the small intestines reaches a certain point.
16.What is the function of the anal sphincter? * Stops waste from leaving the body until it is desired.
17.What is the function of the appendix in humans? * No function in humans, it may be removed when infected or desired.
18.Where does digestion begin? * Mouth
19.What is gastric juice made of? * Hydrochloric acids and enzymes
20.Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? * Pancreas and intestinal glands
21.What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? * Amylase- Completes the process of hydrolyzing starch * Lactase- Breaks down lactose * Maltase- Breaks down maltose * Sucrase- Breaks down surcrose * Lipase- Breaks down the lipase
22.There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. * There are the methods in which the substances diffuse across the intestinal membrane. Also by blood flowing along the concentration gradient. * Other methods are by substances being forced through the membrane against a gradient. Greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.
Part 2 (Immune System)
1. How does the flu build a resistance to drug treatment?
*Well as far as I understood strong versions of the flu are the resistant part. The strong versions then multiply and change which become more resistant to everything specially medications. So the virus evolves into other without ever killing it all and until it all resist to medication.
2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving? *Well the conflict meaning that the resistance is caused by the mutation of the disease. Evolving means changing and that is what the virus does. So the anti-flu drug is difficult to destroy the flu virus because the virus always changes. The good part is that all the kinds of flu’s have almost the same symptom, but not every time the medication works.
3. This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs “get rid” of the flu virus?
• The Tamiflu prevents viral reproduction of flu. Well this stops the enzymes stopping the flu to reproduce in the blood stream.
• The Relanza also gets Neuraminidase, meaning it prevents the flu virus from spreading. It also removes the sialic acid receptors and newly formed viral parts.
4. Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not?
* Well antibiotics fight against bacterial infections and the flu is a viral infection. By taking antibiotics in your body you’re not going to cure the flu but only make your body resistant to antibiotics. The consequences are very harmful when drinking antibiotics you don’t take medicine without a prescription because you may regret it when antibiotics instead of helping end up hurting you.
*Well as far as I understood strong versions of the flu are the resistant part. The strong versions then multiply and change which become more resistant to everything specially medications. So the virus evolves into other without ever killing it all and until it all resist to medication.
2. Why is the build up of resistance to an anti-flu drug referred to as evolving? *Well the conflict meaning that the resistance is caused by the mutation of the disease. Evolving means changing and that is what the virus does. So the anti-flu drug is difficult to destroy the flu virus because the virus always changes. The good part is that all the kinds of flu’s have almost the same symptom, but not every time the medication works.
3. This article named Tamiflu and Relenza as anti-flu medications. How do these drugs “get rid” of the flu virus?
• The Tamiflu prevents viral reproduction of flu. Well this stops the enzymes stopping the flu to reproduce in the blood stream.
• The Relanza also gets Neuraminidase, meaning it prevents the flu virus from spreading. It also removes the sialic acid receptors and newly formed viral parts.
4. Can antibiotics be prescribed to treat the flu? Why or Why not?
* Well antibiotics fight against bacterial infections and the flu is a viral infection. By taking antibiotics in your body you’re not going to cure the flu but only make your body resistant to antibiotics. The consequences are very harmful when drinking antibiotics you don’t take medicine without a prescription because you may regret it when antibiotics instead of helping end up hurting you.
Article #1
Summary
This article is basically telling me that there is many types of viruses or desease that may appear to be the same but are different. In other words everytime there is a cold wether or a change of weather people get a new flu shot. We all get a new flu shot because every year its a different type a flu with the same symptoms but different bacteria. Some desease like chickenpops could be prevented because there is only one type of desease. So this article opens our eyes to the reality letting us learn that we are wrong in thinking we get the same sore throught or flu all the time. There are millions of viruses that we can't even imagine how many we ahve had.
Reflection
By reading this article I have learn something surprizing. I always thought we would have the same sickness all the time but apperently I was wrong. I am thankful for reading this article because it has made my knowledge grown. It is important to know all this facts because we may be drinking antibiotics and harming our bodies without knowing. Our Immune system is very important so its helpful to know all this facts in order to prevent future negligence.
This article is basically telling me that there is many types of viruses or desease that may appear to be the same but are different. In other words everytime there is a cold wether or a change of weather people get a new flu shot. We all get a new flu shot because every year its a different type a flu with the same symptoms but different bacteria. Some desease like chickenpops could be prevented because there is only one type of desease. So this article opens our eyes to the reality letting us learn that we are wrong in thinking we get the same sore throught or flu all the time. There are millions of viruses that we can't even imagine how many we ahve had.
Reflection
By reading this article I have learn something surprizing. I always thought we would have the same sickness all the time but apperently I was wrong. I am thankful for reading this article because it has made my knowledge grown. It is important to know all this facts because we may be drinking antibiotics and harming our bodies without knowing. Our Immune system is very important so its helpful to know all this facts in order to prevent future negligence.
Wednesday, November 7, 2007
Part 3 My response and summary
Summary response
The article I read in anatomy class seemed very interesting because it was about good bacteria I had never heard of. Probiotics are very beneficial as far as scientist and doctors say. In this article it explains how probiotics help your digestive system and your immune system by eating products like yogurt. This is very interesting because it does really help our body and prevent us from other side effect we often get like diarrhea. So basically this article identifies what probiotics do to the common human body. For example it says that probiotics ease the symptoms of Inflamatory Bowel decease and lactose intolerance. Scientist also have evidence of probiotics that may help combat allergies and enhance the immune system.
In my opinion this article can help many people who have the misconception regarding bacteria. Sanitizer liquid is often use for our outer body but imagine drinking sanitizer inside our body and killing the good bacteria we need. Yeah it definitely cleared my mind in understanding how bacteria are very needful even though the word bacteria may sound disgusting. Yes, now I will eat more yogurts than before because we all need the good bacteria but drinking pills is not my thing. I am so glad probiotics come in food it makes it easier for all the community to have the good bacteria in them.
The article I read in anatomy class seemed very interesting because it was about good bacteria I had never heard of. Probiotics are very beneficial as far as scientist and doctors say. In this article it explains how probiotics help your digestive system and your immune system by eating products like yogurt. This is very interesting because it does really help our body and prevent us from other side effect we often get like diarrhea. So basically this article identifies what probiotics do to the common human body. For example it says that probiotics ease the symptoms of Inflamatory Bowel decease and lactose intolerance. Scientist also have evidence of probiotics that may help combat allergies and enhance the immune system.
In my opinion this article can help many people who have the misconception regarding bacteria. Sanitizer liquid is often use for our outer body but imagine drinking sanitizer inside our body and killing the good bacteria we need. Yeah it definitely cleared my mind in understanding how bacteria are very needful even though the word bacteria may sound disgusting. Yes, now I will eat more yogurts than before because we all need the good bacteria but drinking pills is not my thing. I am so glad probiotics come in food it makes it easier for all the community to have the good bacteria in them.
Thursday, October 25, 2007
Questions on Text
Text Questions
(Page 579)
Critical Thinking Question:
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will then fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
Well in my opinion it shouldn’t because they are dealing with the same type of blood. If the baby had a different blood type than it can probably cause it to have it.
Review Exercises:
3) Describe a red blood cell.
They are tiny biconcave disk- thin around the center and thicker around the rims.
6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
First in the early stage it has a nuclei then later on it becomes less active. This causes the spleen and liver to remove them.
10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
They are cells that are not complete and come from the megakarocytes. The two functions are to help repair damage blood vessels by sticking them to broken surfaces and reducing the blood flow.
18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein.
Low- density lipoprotein- has a high concentration of cholesterol that carries lipoproteins to various cells like liver cells.
High- density lipoproteins- has a high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids. Lipoproteins delivers to the liver remnants of chylimicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27) List the major steps leading to the formation to a blood cloth.
First blood vessel spasm, platelets plug formation, and blood coagulation.
It releases biochemical from broken or damaged tissue to extrinsic clotting mechanism. So, I guess it stimulates the clotting mechanism.
38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
They are sometimes called a universal recipient because of the lack of anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.
39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Well they are sometimes called a universal donor because of the lack of antigens A and B so it allows this people to donate into other people with any type of blood.
Text Questions
(Page 647 and 648)
Review Exercises:
2) Describe the pericardium.
The pericardium encloses the heart and where it is attached at the closer end of the blood vessels.
4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
The heart has 4 deep chambers, two on the top and two in the bottom. The upper chambers are called Atria and lower chambers are called ventricles.
The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle that is located on the left.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.
6) Trace the path of the blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes to the left ventricle and out through the aorta artery. From the aorta artery it goes to the lungs. From the lungs blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium it goes to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery. And it goes on from the beginning all over again.
10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Heart sounds comes from the vibrations in the heart tissue when the blood moves through the circulatory system into the whole body.
19) Describe the function and structure of a capillary.
The Structure- they are considered to be the smallest blood vessels. Since they are small they connect to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules.
The function- They house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by products between the blood and the tissue.
36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
The venous system starts with the merging of capillaries into venues, venous into small vain and last small veins into larger ones.
The Arterial Pathways, however, the ones in the venous system are difficult to follow because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.
(Page 818)
Review Exercises:
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract receives blood
The lower respiratory tract sends blood
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles to carry in the air from entering the nose.
5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
The larynx is an inferior passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. So larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Well it starts with the right and left primary bronchi, when later it divides into secondary lobar bronchi. Then, it divides again into tertiary segmental bronchi. After they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch would be the Terminal bronchioles and then they are becoming the respiratory bronchioles. Then they are the Alveolar ducts. After that they are the Alveolar sacs. And last there are the alveoli.
16) Define surfactant, and explain its functions.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins that are secreted into alveolar air spaces.
Its function is to help you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22) Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing. Explain the function of each.
The comparison of coughing and sneezing is that they are similar because they both clear passageways of foreign objects but with different functions.
Cough- this forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts
Sneezing- this forces air upward from the upper respiratory tract
23) Explain the function of yawning.
Yawning- this helps to ventilate alveoli by allowing the blood to receive more oxygen.
31) Define hyperventilation. Explain how it effects the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation- this lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. It effects it because it makes it take longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, so then it would dissolve and mixes with hemoglobin.
36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen
The blood pH decreases
Increase in temperature
Increase in carbon dioxide acidity
(Page 579)
Critical Thinking Question:
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will then fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
Well in my opinion it shouldn’t because they are dealing with the same type of blood. If the baby had a different blood type than it can probably cause it to have it.
Review Exercises:
3) Describe a red blood cell.
They are tiny biconcave disk- thin around the center and thicker around the rims.
6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
First in the early stage it has a nuclei then later on it becomes less active. This causes the spleen and liver to remove them.
10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
They are cells that are not complete and come from the megakarocytes. The two functions are to help repair damage blood vessels by sticking them to broken surfaces and reducing the blood flow.
18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein.
Low- density lipoprotein- has a high concentration of cholesterol that carries lipoproteins to various cells like liver cells.
High- density lipoproteins- has a high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids. Lipoproteins delivers to the liver remnants of chylimicrons that have given up their triglycerides.
27) List the major steps leading to the formation to a blood cloth.
First blood vessel spasm, platelets plug formation, and blood coagulation.
It releases biochemical from broken or damaged tissue to extrinsic clotting mechanism. So, I guess it stimulates the clotting mechanism.
38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
They are sometimes called a universal recipient because of the lack of anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.
39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
Well they are sometimes called a universal donor because of the lack of antigens A and B so it allows this people to donate into other people with any type of blood.
Text Questions
(Page 647 and 648)
Review Exercises:
2) Describe the pericardium.
The pericardium encloses the heart and where it is attached at the closer end of the blood vessels.
4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
The heart has 4 deep chambers, two on the top and two in the bottom. The upper chambers are called Atria and lower chambers are called ventricles.
The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle that is located on the left.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.
6) Trace the path of the blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From the left atrium it goes to the left ventricle and out through the aorta artery. From the aorta artery it goes to the lungs. From the lungs blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium it goes to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery. And it goes on from the beginning all over again.
10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Heart sounds comes from the vibrations in the heart tissue when the blood moves through the circulatory system into the whole body.
19) Describe the function and structure of a capillary.
The Structure- they are considered to be the smallest blood vessels. Since they are small they connect to the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules.
The function- They house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by products between the blood and the tissue.
36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
The venous system starts with the merging of capillaries into venues, venous into small vain and last small veins into larger ones.
The Arterial Pathways, however, the ones in the venous system are difficult to follow because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.
(Page 818)
Review Exercises:
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract receives blood
The lower respiratory tract sends blood
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles to carry in the air from entering the nose.
5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
The larynx is an inferior passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. So larynx is inferior to the pharynx.
9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Well it starts with the right and left primary bronchi, when later it divides into secondary lobar bronchi. Then, it divides again into tertiary segmental bronchi. After they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch would be the Terminal bronchioles and then they are becoming the respiratory bronchioles. Then they are the Alveolar ducts. After that they are the Alveolar sacs. And last there are the alveoli.
16) Define surfactant, and explain its functions.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins that are secreted into alveolar air spaces.
Its function is to help you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.
22) Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing. Explain the function of each.
The comparison of coughing and sneezing is that they are similar because they both clear passageways of foreign objects but with different functions.
Cough- this forces air upward from the lower respiratory tracts
Sneezing- this forces air upward from the upper respiratory tract
23) Explain the function of yawning.
Yawning- this helps to ventilate alveoli by allowing the blood to receive more oxygen.
31) Define hyperventilation. Explain how it effects the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation- this lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. It effects it because it makes it take longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.
35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin, so then it would dissolve and mixes with hemoglobin.
36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen
The blood pH decreases
Increase in temperature
Increase in carbon dioxide acidity
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
Basic Respiratory Anatomy Worksheet
1. What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system?
Nose and Mouth
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?
Pharynx and then goes through the trachea
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out?
The Esophagus
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?
Anterior
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System?
The nose and the mouth
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
In the alveoli it exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
8. What is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale?
· When we inhale the diaphragm contracts
· When it relaxes we exhale
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
On a seperate piece of paper!!! :)
Nose and Mouth
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?
Pharynx and then goes through the trachea
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out?
The Esophagus
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?
Anterior
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System?
The nose and the mouth
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
In the alveoli it exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
8. What is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale?
· When we inhale the diaphragm contracts
· When it relaxes we exhale
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
On a seperate piece of paper!!! :)
The Heart Worksheet
All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?
Closed Circulatory system
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?
It maintains homeostasis through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.
Transport dissolved nutrients to all the body cells
It carries hormones which help regulate certain body functions
It transports gasses (oxygen to the cells, Carbon dioxide away from cells)
Transports antibodies that contribute to the body’s immunological responses and produces some of them
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
Arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?
Veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?
Pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called?
Myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called?
Endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?
(Pericardial cavity- Serous,Fibrous )
Upper cavities- Atria
Lower cavity- Ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?
The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava for the right atrium
Pulmonary veins for the left atrium
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?
The left ventricle is the aorta
The right ventricle is the artery
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Article Assignment
Summary
As far as I understood in this article there are some contradictions. There is a stem cell researcher named Steve Stice who has discovered a new way to use cells for protection on our national security. The only problem is that the new invention needs dead human embryos that last up to four months for the machine to detect the presence of chemical agents. A stem cell researcher collects cell that don’t have a function and uses it for something useful like Steve did with his idea.
This creation effects some people ethically because even though the embryos are dead some people think it isn’t good to use them for creations like the ones they have started. Steve to prevent this issue was using nerve cells from mouse embryos but the problem was that it would only last the machine to be useful for two weeks. So that caused for the invention of using human embryos that last longer than mouse embryos.
In my opinion our president George Bush is right by saying that destroying human embryos to extract stem cells crosses a moral line. I am totally against that if the embryos were force to be killed, but as far as I know there are a lot of people that having abortions. Instead of throwing them to the trash scientist are trying to make a use of unwanted embryos, I suggest. If people wouldn’t make as much abortions than there wouldn’t be ideas to use something that is being done. So its not the scientist fault is just the people that have the heart to abort their babies they are the ones we should be against.
Well in conclusion, This is a device is only helping out soldiers and Americans. Scientist are just trying to make use of embryos that are naturally dead. It effects people who are sensitive and that know that poor embryos that deserve to be buried are just used like some kind of chemical. Yeah I understand its wrong but in my opinion dose embryos are saving other lives on war so they are being useful for a good cause. Those embryos are heroes by protecting live people. So after all they came to heart for a reason I guess. That’s my opinion on these devices.
As far as I understood in this article there are some contradictions. There is a stem cell researcher named Steve Stice who has discovered a new way to use cells for protection on our national security. The only problem is that the new invention needs dead human embryos that last up to four months for the machine to detect the presence of chemical agents. A stem cell researcher collects cell that don’t have a function and uses it for something useful like Steve did with his idea.
This creation effects some people ethically because even though the embryos are dead some people think it isn’t good to use them for creations like the ones they have started. Steve to prevent this issue was using nerve cells from mouse embryos but the problem was that it would only last the machine to be useful for two weeks. So that caused for the invention of using human embryos that last longer than mouse embryos.
In my opinion our president George Bush is right by saying that destroying human embryos to extract stem cells crosses a moral line. I am totally against that if the embryos were force to be killed, but as far as I know there are a lot of people that having abortions. Instead of throwing them to the trash scientist are trying to make a use of unwanted embryos, I suggest. If people wouldn’t make as much abortions than there wouldn’t be ideas to use something that is being done. So its not the scientist fault is just the people that have the heart to abort their babies they are the ones we should be against.
Well in conclusion, This is a device is only helping out soldiers and Americans. Scientist are just trying to make use of embryos that are naturally dead. It effects people who are sensitive and that know that poor embryos that deserve to be buried are just used like some kind of chemical. Yeah I understand its wrong but in my opinion dose embryos are saving other lives on war so they are being useful for a good cause. Those embryos are heroes by protecting live people. So after all they came to heart for a reason I guess. That’s my opinion on these devices.
Tuesday, October 2, 2007
Eye Anatomy Worksheet
The eye is part of which nervous system?
Central Nervous System
What types of tissues give the eye protection?
The fatty and Connective tissue
What structure in the eye produces tears?
*Lacrimal Glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?
Con juctiva
What is the cornea?
The outer protective layer of the eye, The anterior (front) portion of the sclera
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?
Retina layer
What is the function of the rods? The cones?
Cones- are for daylight vision and color vision
Rods- are for night vision
What is the colored part of the eye?
Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye?
Pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled:
O n a seperate piece of paper!!!
lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Central Nervous System
What types of tissues give the eye protection?
The fatty and Connective tissue
What structure in the eye produces tears?
*Lacrimal Glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?
Con juctiva
What is the cornea?
The outer protective layer of the eye, The anterior (front) portion of the sclera
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?
Retina layer
What is the function of the rods? The cones?
Cones- are for daylight vision and color vision
Rods- are for night vision
What is the colored part of the eye?
Iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye?
Pupil
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled:
O n a seperate piece of paper!!!
lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Ear Anatomy Worksheet
Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:
* On a separate piece of paper!!!! :)
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna- Is a flap of cartilage which has the sole purpose of directing sound waves into the auditory canal.
tympanic membrane- Sound waves turn into sound vibrations.
Ossicles- (3 small bones) vibrates and then the ossicles magnify the sound vibrations.
Cochlea- the tiny hairs move as the fluid in the cochlea moves the hairs in turn stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.
semicircular canals- these canals deals with balance, the equilibrium of the body. They are filled with liquid and also have tiny hairs.
What three bones make up the ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the function of hairs in the ear?
* So the tiny hairs send nerve impulses to the brain by way of a nerve known as the vestibular nerve.
* On a separate piece of paper!!!! :)
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
What is the function of the following:
Pinna- Is a flap of cartilage which has the sole purpose of directing sound waves into the auditory canal.
tympanic membrane- Sound waves turn into sound vibrations.
Ossicles- (3 small bones) vibrates and then the ossicles magnify the sound vibrations.
Cochlea- the tiny hairs move as the fluid in the cochlea moves the hairs in turn stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.
semicircular canals- these canals deals with balance, the equilibrium of the body. They are filled with liquid and also have tiny hairs.
What three bones make up the ossicles?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the function of hairs in the ear?
* So the tiny hairs send nerve impulses to the brain by way of a nerve known as the vestibular nerve.
Monday, October 1, 2007
The Nervous System Worksheet
What does CNS and PNS stand for?
Central Nervous System- is the nerve center of the human body, controls all body activities except chemical functions
Peripheral Nervous System- lies outside the brain and spinal cord and serves as a message system between various organs and muscles of the body and the CNS. Connects the CNS with the rest of the body
What are the parts of the CNS?
* Consist of the brain and spinal cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior.
Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
* Maintain digestion and controls the urge to urinate.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Sympathetic- controls stress, worry, fear and emergency
Parasympathetic- brings the body back to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
What are the three main types of neurons? Whh
at is the function of each?
Sensory neuron- It deals with the senses it takes the impulse towardsthe CNS to the spinal cord
Motor neuron- Carries the impulse from the CNS for an action
Interneuron- moves the impulse within the CNS.
What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
Axon- Is the sending end of a neuron
Dendrite- Is the receiving end of a neuron
What is a synapse?
Synapse- transfers the impulse from one neuron to another.
Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
*on a separate piece of paper!!!!
Central Nervous System- is the nerve center of the human body, controls all body activities except chemical functions
Peripheral Nervous System- lies outside the brain and spinal cord and serves as a message system between various organs and muscles of the body and the CNS. Connects the CNS with the rest of the body
What are the parts of the CNS?
* Consist of the brain and spinal cord and it controls thinking, memory and behavior.
Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.
* Maintain digestion and controls the urge to urinate.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Sympathetic- controls stress, worry, fear and emergency
Parasympathetic- brings the body back to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
What are the three main types of neurons? Whh
at is the function of each?
Sensory neuron- It deals with the senses it takes the impulse towardsthe CNS to the spinal cord
Motor neuron- Carries the impulse from the CNS for an action
Interneuron- moves the impulse within the CNS.
What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?
Axon- Is the sending end of a neuron
Dendrite- Is the receiving end of a neuron
What is a synapse?
Synapse- transfers the impulse from one neuron to another.
Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
*on a separate piece of paper!!!!
Wednesday, September 26, 2007
Monday, September 24, 2007
Skeletal and Muscle Worksheet
What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle?
5% to 10% is smooth or cardiac muscle. 40% is striated muscle.
Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?
*Stroma protein- skeleton, to hold the rest of the structures in place.
*Cellular proteins- Compromise about 1/5 of the muscle protein (enzymes).
*Contractile proteins- Are essential for contraction. They constitute 35% and 15% of the total muscle protein, respectively.
What is a myofibril?
An independent cylindrical element, A single muscle cells. Responsible for banding pattern.
Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
On a separate piece of paper.
Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.
The thick filament- composed of myosin molecules
Also the thin filament- composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
On a seperate piece of paper.
What is the sliding filament theory?
* The state of contraction
Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?
* Calcium ions
5% to 10% is smooth or cardiac muscle. 40% is striated muscle.
Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?
*Stroma protein- skeleton, to hold the rest of the structures in place.
*Cellular proteins- Compromise about 1/5 of the muscle protein (enzymes).
*Contractile proteins- Are essential for contraction. They constitute 35% and 15% of the total muscle protein, respectively.
What is a myofibril?
An independent cylindrical element, A single muscle cells. Responsible for banding pattern.
Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
On a separate piece of paper.
Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.
The thick filament- composed of myosin molecules
Also the thin filament- composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
On a seperate piece of paper.
What is the sliding filament theory?
* The state of contraction
Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?
* Calcium ions
Tuesday, September 18, 2007
Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet
Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint?
*Because it is hold tightly together by the fibrous tissue.
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
* The skull
Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.
* The cartilaginous joint hold united bones by the intervening fibrocartilage, and has very little movement. An example is the intervertebral discs on the vertebrae located on the spinal column.
What type of joint essentially allows free movement?
*Synovial Joints
What lubricates a joint cavity?
* Synovial fluid
For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
Plane joint- Curved articular that permits gliding and slipping in a direction carpal bones.
Hinge joint- like an irregular cylinder that fits into concave groove elbow joints.
Condylar joint- Has two surfaces in each bone called condyles, similar to the hinge joint the knee joint is an example.
Ball and Socket joint- Spherical articulation which fits into a cup shaped cavity on the other bone can movement possible, shoulder joint.
Ellipsoidal joint- Wrist joint, oval that permits movement in variety directions.
Pivot joint- Has a bony peg that fits into concave notch which makes it rotate, the radius and ulna.
Saddle joint- Two western saddles movements occur in variety directions, joint at the base of the thumb.
Monday, September 17, 2007
Skeletal Anatomy worksheet
Describe the 4 functions of bones.
Support the body, Protecting internal organs, Provide muscle attachment, and Blood cell production
How many bones are there in the human body?
About 206
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division.
Axial Skeleton- skull, pelvis, ribs, coccyx, and sacrum
Appendicular skeleton- humerus, ulna , phalanges, patella, and tibia.
What bone makes up the upper arm?
* Humerus
What bone makes up the face?
* skull
Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.
* Ribs cage, and pelvis
What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side?
* Radius
What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to?
* Vertebral column
What bone is also known as the shin bone?
* Tibia
Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.
Thursday, September 6, 2007
Video Questions
1. Do you think that the symmetry test conducted on the baby was flawed? How? Describe how you would design an experiment that could fool the baby and skew the results.
Well in my opinion the experiment only supports their opinion but doesn’t really prove anything at all. I don’t think babies know the difference between ugly and beautiful unless it was something really horrible. They should have demonstrated other babies taking that same experiment. I think a baby stays penetrated on the picture that comes out first. Well I wouldn’t make experiments for any reason with babies.
2. What is missing from this video about beauty?
I notice that this video doesn’t describe the inside beauty. Other people have like the example of Bill Gates, he isn’t super fine but his brain took him further than any other beautiful person has gone through. Inner beauty is the most important subject because without inner beauty a person cannot reflect the value a person really has.
3. What are features that might break the “typical” beauty rules? How are these different from the “typical” beauty rules?
Well being asymmetrical breaks the supposable typical rules but yet there are beautiful people that are not
4. How does this video make you feel about beauty?
Well beauty can cause people to do many things as the video shows and that is really upsetting. It makes me feel that beauty is taken so far for some people leading them not be satisfied with themselves. Um and disgusted after seeing the surgery people had and the strength they had to do that.
5. What is it about the skin that makes it returning to its place? What property is this?
* Elastic properties make come back to its place.
6. What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Would you ever do it? What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? How long will it last?
The risky part is being in coma for so long and something going wrong disaffirming a part of your body. On the other hand if I had the body that lady had I would take the risk because that was nasty. I thank god because there is nothing in me that I would want to change in particular. So no, I wouldn’t risk it only with all the exaggerating fat hanging and not having any other solution.
7. Someone in the video is quoted as saying “make-up can make anyone prettier.” Do you agree with this? Support your answer.
Well make up does help everyone but not everyone needs it. There are beautiful people who don’t need it but at a certain age it can help. Its like a painting, color gives it a brighter sight of it, but it’s not necessary. I just know that makes up does some miracles on some persons.
8. Do you think that there are cultural differences in how cosmetic surgery is viewed?
No surgery is just disgusting and nasty when it deals with blood. Um I don’t know but religious people are most likely to go against it. And in the other hand some may love the technology there is to help them, with the risk of something going wrong. Everyone has their own opinion regarding their self-esteem.
Well in my opinion the experiment only supports their opinion but doesn’t really prove anything at all. I don’t think babies know the difference between ugly and beautiful unless it was something really horrible. They should have demonstrated other babies taking that same experiment. I think a baby stays penetrated on the picture that comes out first. Well I wouldn’t make experiments for any reason with babies.
2. What is missing from this video about beauty?
I notice that this video doesn’t describe the inside beauty. Other people have like the example of Bill Gates, he isn’t super fine but his brain took him further than any other beautiful person has gone through. Inner beauty is the most important subject because without inner beauty a person cannot reflect the value a person really has.
3. What are features that might break the “typical” beauty rules? How are these different from the “typical” beauty rules?
Well being asymmetrical breaks the supposable typical rules but yet there are beautiful people that are not
4. How does this video make you feel about beauty?
Well beauty can cause people to do many things as the video shows and that is really upsetting. It makes me feel that beauty is taken so far for some people leading them not be satisfied with themselves. Um and disgusted after seeing the surgery people had and the strength they had to do that.
5. What is it about the skin that makes it returning to its place? What property is this?
* Elastic properties make come back to its place.
6. What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Would you ever do it? What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? How long will it last?
The risky part is being in coma for so long and something going wrong disaffirming a part of your body. On the other hand if I had the body that lady had I would take the risk because that was nasty. I thank god because there is nothing in me that I would want to change in particular. So no, I wouldn’t risk it only with all the exaggerating fat hanging and not having any other solution.
7. Someone in the video is quoted as saying “make-up can make anyone prettier.” Do you agree with this? Support your answer.
Well make up does help everyone but not everyone needs it. There are beautiful people who don’t need it but at a certain age it can help. Its like a painting, color gives it a brighter sight of it, but it’s not necessary. I just know that makes up does some miracles on some persons.
8. Do you think that there are cultural differences in how cosmetic surgery is viewed?
No surgery is just disgusting and nasty when it deals with blood. Um I don’t know but religious people are most likely to go against it. And in the other hand some may love the technology there is to help them, with the risk of something going wrong. Everyone has their own opinion regarding their self-esteem.
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